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By C. Edward Banks, Ph.D., Senior Policy Advisor, Bureau of Justice Assistance

The Bureau of Justice Assistance (BJA) is a national leader in the development and implementation of criminal justice policy and sound grant management. BJA has developed many promising and evidence-based programs to address numerous criminal justice topics in order to achieve safer communities. The agency supports key areas of criminal justice, including adjudication, corrections, counter-terrorism, law enforcement, crime prevention, justice information sharing, justice and mental health, substance abuse, and tribal justice. The Bulletproof Vest Partnership, the Smart Policing Initiative, the Wrongful Conviction Review Program, and Project Safe Neighborhoods are a few examples of the more than 32 policies and programs implemented by BJA in support of local, state, and tribal justice strategies nationwide.

These programs are intended to assist criminal justice partners and to be replicable in organizations and agencies across the country. With these goals in mind, BJA wants to make sure our programs are actually working. So we asked ourselves – Are these programs effective? Are they doing what they are supposed to? How can we provide information to the field about which BJA programs could assist their unique needs?

To try to answer some of these questions, we decided to take a systematic, objective approach to determine what research and evaluations have been conducted that focused on and/or were related to BJA’s FY 2013 and FY 2014 programs and practices. The results of this “evaluation scan” were also intended to help identify programs and practices for which U.S. Department of Justice resources have played a critical role in generating innovative and sound practices.

To start this monumental task, BJA and its partner, CSR, Inc., put together a plan to examine and assess each BJA program in a systematic, reliable, and repeatable way:

• Step 1: Using keyword searches, program and process evaluations were identified and summarized for each of the 32 programs and initiatives.
• Step 2: The National Criminal Justice Reference Service (NCJRS), federal websites, Google Scholar, state websites, national associations, research institutions, and training and technical assistance provider websites were searched for evaluations and other reports. This helped identify additional research and evaluation reports to add to the evaluation scan.
• Step 3: The CrimeSolutions.gov website was searched by topic area so that the scan’s summaries would include programs and practices that have already been evaluated and assessed by CrimeSolutions.gov as effective, promising, or having no effects.
• Step 4: When no evaluations on a certain program/initiative were identified, the search criteria were widened to include scholarly research (i.e., research published in scholarly journals).
• Step 5: Recent and relevant federal audits were identified and referenced.

BJA took each of its 32 programs through these steps and summarized the findings in the final report: Evaluation & Research Literature: The State of Knowledge on BJA-Funded Programs. The results of this scan are intended to help identify programs and practices with a solid foundation of evidence, as well as those that may benefit from further research and evaluation. The report includes a summary table highlighting a number of evaluations, CrimeSolutions.gov ratings of programs and practices, and other related research.

BJA knows this type of work is never really finished. While this report is very comprehensive, it is not intended to be a complete accounting of all research and evaluations completed on a certain program or initiative. BJA will continue to update this report annually (in the fall of each year) as new information is published.

To learn more about BJA’s process or to read the report, please visit: https://www.bja.gov/Publications/Eval-Research-BJA-Programs.pdf.

Background

According to the FBI’s 2013 Uniform Crime Report, there were more than 1.5 million drug-related arrests in 2013—including 325 in Alabama—and nearly 100,000 people are currently serving time in federal prison for drug offenses. That statistic alone makes up almost half of the federal prison population.

The “War on Drugs” is not a new concept. In fact, that phrase was coined by President Nixon back in June 1971. What is new is the approach many law enforcement organizations are trying out in order to win this war. Brian McVeigh, the District Attorney for Calhoun and Cleburne counties in Alabama, was among those who knew they needed a different approach.

McVeigh recognizes his community has more low-income housing areas than most counties their size, and in particular, five to six hot spot areas with greater drug problems and drug trade. He spoke with the U.S. Attorney’s Office in Birmingham (AL) about the problem and what his community could do. The U.S. Attorney’s Office recommended the Drug Market Intervention (DMI) training offered through the National Network for Safe Communities (NNSC), a project based at John Jay College of Criminal Justice in New York City. As a group, they worked through the Bureau of Justice Assistance (BJA) National Training and Technical Assistance Center (NTTAC) to receive this training.

Changing the Strategy

Typically, those involved in drug-related events are arrested, tried, and, if convicted, serve time. However, many times drug offenders go back to the same circumstances they left—they do not have a way out of that life. The DMI training takes a different approach. Through the DMI training, the NNSC helps communities build partnerships with law enforcement, community members, and social service providers to address hot spot neighborhoods, gather evidence against those involved with drugs, build cases against those offenders, and conduct a sweep—but they do this all with a twist.

Instead of arresting and charging every single person, these community-based task forces go through the list of offenders and identify those who do not have a violent criminal history. Rather than arresting these offenders in the sweep, the task force holds an intervention and communicates a moral message from the community to end drug dealing and the chaos it brings. This message, combined with a warning that they will face legal consequences if drug dealing continues, becomes a powerful deterrent for offenders. In addition, the DMI strategy provides drug offenders with support to get on the right track and become productive members of society. They are given a second chance.

The team from Alabama met with the trainers from the NNSC to learn how they could implement the strategy in their community.

To start, McVeigh put together a working group that included Anniston Police Chief Shane Denham, community leader Marcus Dunn Sr. and some of his community volunteers, Sonny McMahan from the local housing authority, as well as social work program volunteers from Jacksonville State University. The group picked one hot spot area and spent weeks gathering evidence. They had a drug task force gather up cases, record video, and develop good, provable cases. By the end, they had approximately 80 solid cases.

The drug task force and the community-based working group went through the group of 80 and identified 10 individuals who were low-level, first-time offenders with whom they could work with and try to get on a better life track. During the sweep, while 70 individuals were being arrested, those 10 offenders were instead invited to a conversation over dinner. At the BBQ, those individuals were given the option of going to jail, or instead, working with the community leaders to stay on the straight and narrow, get out of the drug world, and become productive members of society.

“It is clear people [community leaders] are trying to address community problems and trying to make situations better,” McVeigh said. “All centered around a program we didn’t know was available.”

Nearly six months later, McVeigh says he could not be happier with the outcome. Six of the original 10 offenders either have jobs or are working towards obtaining their GEDs, and overall crime in the area—not just drug crime—dropped 24 percent. The program was such a success, that McVeigh says they are now planning to use the same approach in a second and third hot spot. The community-based working group plans to address all the counties’ hot spots within a couple of years.

McVeigh knows reducing crime and making a dent in the drug market is an admirable feat. “To see it come to fruition was amazing.”

If your agency or community is experiencing similar issues and would like to apply for technical assistance, please contact BJA NTTAC at BJANTTAC@ojp.usdoj.gov to discuss your unique criminal justice needs.

To submit the work of your organization or jurisdiction for consideration to be featured in a future BJA NTTAC TTA Spotlight, please email BJANTTAC@ojp.usdoj.gov.